Demonstration of the average and effective values of a periodic signal of average wave and complete wave
[
In the following connection, it appears the mathematical development to demonstrate the values average and effective of the previous signal. This development does not enter matter.
To show/To hide Content
We begin with a signal of average wave: We begin with the average value: The signal has a value:
Vmax sen (wt) between 0 and Π and zero from Π and 2*Π.
What we do is to calculate the surface of the disc parking and to divide it by the length, of that form the average value is obtained. In order to calculate the surface we must resort to the integrals, so that:
For the effective tension, it is come in the same way, but in this case, the values to the squared one are taken:
First that we do is to replace the sen ² (wt) by his equivalent, since:
sen ² (wt) = (1-cos (2wt)) /2
Rectifiers of average wave
In the image superior, is a circuit of average wave, where a single diode is used to obtain only a cycle of the signal.
From the point of view of energy efficiency, the rectifier of average wave is not appropriate, since we are not taking advantage of half the energy of the generator.
As the diode is polarized in direct in the positive half-cycle, that cycle will happen totally to the load of the circuit, represented by a resistance of 10 k.
Rectifiers of complete wave
In this occasion we are going to both take advantage of energy cycles to obtain a continuous tension when coming out, with better advantage of the energy. We have two ways to obtain it.
1º Uso of a transformer with average taking.
In this circuit, we have V1 and V2 has the same value of maximum tension, but when being listed from the central point of the secondary one, V1 is opposed to V2.
In the first case, when having V1 the positive half-cycle, D1 lead and happen to the Resistance.
In the second half-cycle, now V2 will be positive with respect to mass, causing that D2 leads and pass that half-cycle to the resistance.
2º Uso of Graetz bridge
Very used, it uses 4 diodes leading in each half-cycle, two of them and remaining the other two in it cuts.
Based on the necessary amperage, we have a very ample range, needing some them the installation of heat dissipators
We will see an explanatory video
We already have as obtaining a continuous tension, but it is necessary to maintain enters it certain values (that it does not fluctuate much in tension.
Tension of curling
Once rectified the alternating signal, we have a positive cycle for the case of the rectifier of average wave. As we needed to have a stable tension but the possible thing (that it does not raise and it lowers too much), the first step is to put a condenser that avoids those slopes and ascents. Therefore, in the cycle that leads the diode, part of the current is used in loading condenser C.
When the diode does not drive, it will be the load stored in C orders to provide it the current to the Rl load.
We have represented the three signals of the rectifier of average wave (right figure).
First it would be the signal without sizing, the one that we have in the secondary one of the transformer.
Second it is the tension when coming out of the resistance without condenser
The third sample the load and unloads of the condenser. In the time marked as Don, the diode leads and the condenser quickly load. The rest of time, the condenser unloading, providing itself the current to the load
For the case of a rectifier of complete wave, we are going when coming out to have both cycles, that when connecting the condenser, those slopes and ascents of tension will be smaller. To see graph of the left
An important aspect of the smoothing circuits is the variation of the value of the tension that there is when coming out. That variation denominates tension of curly and comes given by the formula:
Where I am the current, f the frequency when coming out and C the capacity.
We saw that the relation between the load of the condenser and the tension comes given by
Activity.
a) To mount in cocodrile a bridge of diodes with a condenser and milliammeter as one is in the figure and to verify that the theoretical tension of curling agrees with the shown tension in the simulator.
Filters
Filter band elimination. The opposite does right who the previous filter
Activity of investigation. With the knowledge given previously along with the expression of the impedance of a condenser given by:
Part 1º Calcular the impedance that offers the condenser that is next to the load in the circuit of the figure for a frequency of 50 Hertz if the capacity of the condenser is 27 nF and in case 100 C= µF. To repeat the process for and a frequency of 5 KHZ
Part 2º Montar in Crocodile the following circuit:
The condenser has a capacity of 100 nF. Its capacity raises 1000nF. That happens. Because?
Part 3. To mount to replace the values of C and F of the circuit by the values of the section to and calculating the tension that we have in the condenser (Value of the sounding). It is considered that the tension of the generator is 10 volts.
Band-pass filter
In order to pass a frequency band, we needed, as it is indicated in the book, a coil and a condenser in series, but also is possible to be used a circuit with two condensers, constructing a filter step low and high step. The union of both does not allow to have a band-pass filter. We will see how we can calculate the cutoff frequencies:
We must consider that the cutoff frequency happens when the gain falls in 3 dB. This supposes that we have a loss of -3 gain dB, or what is the same:
In order to calculate log decimal of a number, we must make the inverse one of the logarithm, that is to see what is the exponent that has base 10. This is:
In order to calculate the frequencies where it happens this, we must analyze the filter as one of low step and another high step. This simplification supposes an approach very near a complex analysis but, but it offers some very similar results. In the case of the high step, the cutoff frequency comes given by the first resistance and the first condenser:
The result of fc is 66314 Hertz. We come equal for the other cutoff frequency, taking the other values and have:
. Exercises and practices
1º Calcular the average and effective value of an alternating signal of 10 volts tip to tip
2º Calcular the average and effective value of the rectified tension (complete wave) if the value of tip is 30 volts
3º Calcular the average and effective value in a rectified tension of average wave. The value of tip is 60 volts
does 4º If we have in network a tension of 220 volts, what peak voltage have that tension?
5º Tenemos a power supply with exit of complete wave (it uses transformer with intermediate taking), that has a 1200 load Ω, a current of 6 mA and the condenser has a 20 value of µF. To calculate the curling tension, if the tension of feeding of network is 220 volts.
6º Hacer the same calculations if now we have a signal of average wave
7º Montar the circuits in cocodrile and to verify that the standard firing datas agree with the simulated ones
8º Simula in proteus a filter of high step if the resistance is 1.2 K Ω and the 4 condenser is of nF. To verify that the cutoff frequency agrees with the calculated value. Important. Response” within proteus is necessary to add yn “frequency. For it, to choose in the column of instrumentation, the component frequency. Puncturing in the zone of work, we give size to that window. For the rest of steps, to see example that we have in
the page on use of the oscilloscope. In particular it is explained in exercise 5 of filters.
9º Montar the circuit of step band that with the values that appear in the circuit of the figure and of seeing the frequency response. To verify that the theoretical values (cutoff frequency inferior and superior) agree with the values of the simulator. For it, db is necessary to lower 3 on the maximum gain of the filter.
To show some solutions
1º In an alternating signal, as the positive cycle is equal to the negative, the average value is 0
On the other hand, the effective tension comes given by the maximum value between the root of 2. Therefore we have a value of 10/1.41 = 7.09 Volts
2º For a complete wave of 30 volts tip, the value half no longer is zero. If we looked as the average value for a rectified wave of half cycle calculated, where we only have a half-cycle by complete cycle, the average value is Vmax/Π. In this case, as we have a complete wave, the S-value the double, therefore Vmed = 2 *Vmax/Π = 60/3.14 = 19.10 volts.
5º complete Wave means that the frequency is going to be the double, therefore, the frequency that we must put is 50*2 = 100 Hertz.